Case 17 / 183 Analyst

EBITDA Normalization

Accounting & Financial Statements

The prompt

“As a financial analyst preparing a sell-side quality-of-earnings analysis, you are tasked with normalizing a company's reported EBITDA by stripping out non-recurring items, to determine the Adjusted EBITDA a buyer should actually pay for.”

📋 What you're given

As a financial analyst preparing a sell-side quality-of-earnings analysis, you are tasked with normalizing a company's reported EBITDA by stripping out non-recurring items, to determine the Adjusted EBITDA a buyer should actually pay for.

1. Task Overview

Task: identify which items in Reported EBITDA are genuinely non-recurring, and compute the resulting Normalized (Adjusted) EBITDA a buyer should actually rely on.

Step 1: Given Data — Reported EBITDA and Unusual Items

You are given the following figures from the target company's most recent fiscal year income statement and management discussion.

Line ItemValue
Reported EBITDA$50.0m
Legal settlement expense (one-time litigation)$4.0m
Restructuring / severance costs (one-time)$6.0m
M&A process advisory fees (one-time)$2.0m
Gain on sale of non-core assets (one-time gain)$3.0m

Step 2: Non-Recurring Expenses

Think about which of the listed items are genuinely one-time and unrelated to the ongoing business.

Show Non-Recurring Expense Add-Back Formula

Total Add-Back = Legal Settlement + Restructuring Costs + M&A Advisory Fees

Using this formula, compute the total non-recurring expense add-back.

Step 3: Non-Recurring Gains

Think about which of the listed items is a one-time gain unrelated to core operations, and how leaving it in would affect the valuation multiple a buyer applies.

Show Non-Recurring Gain Removal Formula

Gain Adjustment = − Gain on Sale of Non-Core Assets

Using this formula, compute the adjustment for non-recurring gains.

Step 4: Normalized (Adjusted) EBITDA

Show Normalized EBITDA Formula

Normalized EBITDA = Reported EBITDA + Non-Recurring Expense Add-Backs − Non-Recurring Gains

Using these inputs, compute Normalized EBITDA.

💡 Model answer

Try answering out loud first — then reveal the model answer and compare.

⚠️ Common mistakes

  • Adding back every unusual-looking expense without verifying it is genuinely non-recurring and unrelated to core operations
  • Forgetting to also remove non-recurring gains, not just add back one-time losses or costs
  • Treating "one-time" charges that actually show up every year (e.g. annual restructuring) as legitimate add-backs
  • Ignoring the buyer's perspective — normalization must be defensible in negotiation, not just seller-favorable
  • Confusing EBITDA normalization with pro forma run-rate adjustments for cost synergies, which is a different concept

🔁 Follow-up questions

➡️ Related cases

Previous Case 16: EBITDA Bridge from Net Income Next Case 18: Goodwill: Creation and Impairment

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