Case 67 / 183 Analyst

Working Capital Peg in M&A

M&A & Deal Analysis

The prompt

“As an M&A analyst, you are tasked with explaining why buyers and sellers negotiate a working capital peg into a purchase agreement, and then calculating the purchase price true-up when a target's actual closing working capital differs from that peg.”

📋 What you're given

As an M&A analyst, you are tasked with explaining why buyers and sellers negotiate a working capital peg into a purchase agreement, and then calculating the purchase price true-up when a target's actual closing working capital differs from that peg.

1. Task Overview

Task: explain how a working capital peg protects both sides of a deal from balance-sheet manipulation before closing, then walk through how the true-up mechanism adjusts the final purchase price.

Step 1: Given Data — Deal Terms and Closing Balance Sheet

The following terms were agreed in the purchase agreement, alongside the target's actual position at closing.

Line ItemValue
Enterprise Value (Agreed)$500.0m
Working Capital Peg (Target / Normal NWC)$40.0m
Actual Closing Net Working Capital$32.0m
Cash at Closing$15.0m
Debt at Closing$60.0m

Step 2: Equity Purchase Price Before True-Up

Show Equity Purchase Price Formula

Equity Purchase Price = Enterprise Value - Debt + Cash

Using this formula, compute the equity purchase price before any working capital adjustment.

Step 3: Working Capital True-Up Adjustment

Show True-Up Adjustment Formula

True-Up Adjustment = Actual Closing Working Capital - Working Capital Peg

Using this formula, compute the true-up adjustment and determine whether it increases or decreases the price paid to the seller.

Step 4: Final Purchase Price

Show Final Purchase Price Formula

Final Purchase Price = Equity Purchase Price Before True-Up + True-Up Adjustment

Assume:

  • The true-up is settled dollar-for-dollar in cash at (or shortly after) closing
  • No basket, collar, or materiality threshold applies to the adjustment

Using these inputs, compute the final purchase price actually paid to the seller.

💡 Model answer

Try answering out loud first — then reveal the model answer and compare.

⚠️ Common mistakes

  • Confusing the working capital peg with an ongoing operating target — the peg only sets the reference point for the true-up, it isn't a target the business must hit going forward
  • Forgetting that a working capital shortfall versus the peg reduces the purchase price, while a surplus increases it — the direction is easy to flip under interview pressure
  • Applying the enterprise-to-equity bridge (debt and cash) and the working capital true-up in the wrong order, or double-counting cash inside both the EV bridge and the working capital definition
  • Ignoring that the definition of "working capital" in the purchase agreement often excludes cash and debt-like items — treating it the same as textbook net working capital can produce the wrong peg comparison
  • Assuming the true-up is settled instantly at closing rather than through a post-closing statement process that can take weeks or months and lead to disputes

🔁 Follow-up questions

Previous Case 66: M&A Due Diligence Priorities Next Case 68: Tech M&A: Acqui-Hire and IP Acquisitions

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